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SQL se?im ifad?si v? onun n?tic?si.

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Veril?nl?r bazas? (VB), h?m?inin m?lumat bazas? (MB) v? ya databaza (ing. database, DB) — veril?nl?r bazas? idar?etm? sistemind?n istifad? etm?kl? elektron ??kild? saxlan?lan v? ?ld? edil?n veril?nl?rin müt???kkil toplanmas?. Ki?ik veril?nl?r bazalar? fayl sistemind? saxlan?l?l?r, lakin b?yük veril?nl?r bazalar? kompüter klasterl?rind? v? ya bulud yadda??nda yerl??dirilir. Veril?nl?r bazalar?n?n dizayn? formal texnikalar? v? praktiki mülahiz?l?ri ?hat? edir. Bura veril?nl?rin modell??dirilm?si, m?lumatlar?n s?m?r?li t?qdim edilm?si v? saxlanmas?, sor?u dill?ri, h?ssas m?lumatlar?n t?hlük?sizliyi v? m?xfiliyi, h?m?inin paylanm?? hesablama m?s?l?l?ri daxildir.

Veril?nl?r bazas? idar?etm? sistemi (DBMS) m?lumatlar? ?zünd? saxlamaq v? t?hlil etm?k ü?ün son istifad??il?r, proqramlar v? veril?nl?r bazas? il? qar??l?ql? ?laq?d? olan proqramd?r. DBMS proqram? ?lav? olaraq veril?nl?r bazas?n? idar? etm?k ü?ün n?z?rd? tutulmu? ?sas imkanlar? ?hat? edir. Veril?nl?r bazas? DBMS v? ?laq?li proqramlar?n ham?s?n? ümumilikd? veril?nl?r bazas? sistemi adland?rmaq olar. ?ox vaxt "veril?nl?r bazas?" termini h?r hans? DBMS, veril?nl?r bazas? sistemi v? ya veril?nl?r bazas? il? ?laq?li proqrama aid edilir.

?nformatikl?r veril?nl?r bazas? idar?etm? sisteml?rini d?st?kl?dikl?ri veril?nl?r bazas? modell?rin? g?r? t?snif edirl?r. Relyasiyal? veril?nl?r bazalar? 1980-ci ill?rd? üstünlük t??kil etmi?di. Bu model m?lumatlar? bir s?ra c?dv?ll?rd? s?tirl?r v? sütunlar kimi t?qdim edir. Onlar?n b?yük ?ks?riyy?ti m?lumatlar?n yaz?lmas? v? sor?ulanmas? m?qs?dil? SQL-d?n istifad? edir. 2000-ci ill?rd? qeyri-relyasiyal? veril?nl?r bazalar? populyarla?m??d? v? onlar müxt?lif sor?u dill?rind?n istifad? etdikl?ri ü?ün birlikd? NoSQL adland?r?lm??d?lar.

Veril?nl?r bazas? (veril?nl?r bazas? sisteml?ri) m?lumatlar?n t??kil edilm?si, saxlan?lmas? v? idar? olunmas? ü?ün strukturla?d?r?lm?? bir sistemdir. Veril?nl?r bazas?, m?lumatlar?n c?dv?l ??klind? (sütunlar v? s?trl?r) saxlan?ld???, müt???kkil bir mühit t?qdim edir. Bu sisteml?r SQL (ing. Structured Query Language) istifad? ed?r?k m?lumatlar?n sor?ulanmas?na, d?yi?dirilm?sin? v? idar? olunmas?na imkan tan?y?r. Relyasiyal? veril?nl?r bazas? modell?ri ?n yayg?n olanlardand?r. Veril?nl?r bazas? sisteml?ri m?lumatlar?n etibarl?l???n? v? t?hlük?sizliyini t?min etm?y? k?m?k edir.

Modell?r

Veril?nl?r bazas? informasiyan?n saxlanmas?n? v? h?m?inin tez bir zamanda veril?nl?r? müraci?ti t?min edir. T?tbiqi proqramlar v? ya ?lav?l?r veril?nl?r bazas?na daxil olan d?yi??nl?rin i?l?nm?sin? xidm?t edir. T??kilind?n as?l? olaraq bazada veril?nl?r t?qdiminin a?a??dak? ?sas modell?ri vard?r:

1. ?erarxik modeld? — veril?nl?r bazas? a?ac??killi (ierarxik) t??kil olunur
2. ??b?k? modelind? — veril?nl?r bazas? qraf ??klind? t??kil olunur
3. Relyasiya modelind? — veril?nl?r c?dv?ll?rd? yerl??dirilir v? bu c?dv?ll?r aras?nda ?laq? yarad?l?r.
4. Obyekty?nümlü modeld? — bazan?n ayr?-ayr? yaz?lar? obyekt ??klind? t??kil olunur.

Hal-haz?rda ?n populyar model relyasiya VB-d?r. Relyasiya VB c?dv?ll?r, sor?ular, formalar, hesabatlar, makroslar, veb-s?hif?l?r v? modullardan ibar?tdir. Veril?nl?r c?dv?linin strukturu c?dv?lin sütunlar?n?n adlar?n?n siyah?s? il? t?yin edilir. VB-dan veril?nl?ri ??xarmaq, emal etm?k, d?yi?m?k v? silm?k ü?ün xüsusi proqramlar t?l?b olunur. Bu proqramlar veril?nl?r bazalar?n?n idar?etm? sisteml?ri (VB?S) adlan?rlar.

Veril?nl?r bazas?n? yaratmaq ü?ün istifad? edil?n proqramlar:

• Microsoft Access
• Open Office Base
• FoxPro
• Microsoft SQL Server
• Oracle Database
• MySQL

H?m?inin bax

• ?nformatika
• OLAP
• Veril?nl?r x?zin?si
• Kompüter proqramlar?

?lav? ?d?biyyat

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• Childs, David L. "Feasibility of a set-theoretic data structure: a general structure based on a reconstituted definition" (PDF). CONCOMP (Research in Conversational Use of Computers) Project. University of Michigan. 1968b. Technical Report 6.
• Chong, Raul F.; Wang, Xiaomei; Dang, Michael; Snow, Dwaine R. Introduction to DB2 // Understanding DB2: Learning Visually with Examples (2nd). IBM Press Pearson plc. 2007. ISBN 978-0-13-158018-3. ?stifad? tarixi: 17 March 2013.
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• Date, C. J. An Introduction to Database Systems (8th). Pearson. 2003. ISBN 978-0-321-19784-9.
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• Lightstone, S.; Teorey, T.; Nadeau, T. Physical Database Design: the database professional's guide to exploiting indexes, views, storage, and more. Morgan Kaufmann Press. 2007. ISBN 978-0-12-369389-1.
• Teorey, T.; Lightstone, S. and Nadeau, T. Database Modeling & Design: Logical Design, 4th edition, Morgan Kaufmann Press, 2005. ISBN 0-12-685352-5.
• CMU Database courses playlist
• MIT OCW 6.830 | Fall 2010 | Database Systems
• Berkeley CS W186

Xarici ke?idl?r

• CITForum — материалы на сайте Центра информационных технологий
• Very Large Data Base — Endowment Inc.
• ACM SIGMOD — Association for Computing Machinery: Special Interest Group On Management of Data.